Minggu, 04 Mei 2008

L thondike

Edward L. Thorndike
Edward Lee Thorndike was born in Williamsburg, Massachusetts in 1874. His mother was homemaker, and his father was a minister. After graduating from high school in 1891, he attended Wesleyan University, where he graduated from in 1895. He then continued his education at Harvard University. In 1897 he left Harvard and began graduate work at Columbia University. Thorndike studied learning in cats, and earned PhD in psychology 1898.
His dissertation resulted in his publication in 1898 of "Animal Intelligence" in Psychological Review. Thorndike observed trial and error learning in cats. He placed a cat in a small cage and observed it manipulate the environment in order to escape. Thorndike called this type of learning instrumental learning, stating the individual is instrumental in producing a response.
After teaching for a year at the College for Women of Western Reserve in Cleveland, Ohio, Thorndike went to Teacher's College at Columbia University, where he remained the rest of his academic career. He became more interested in human mental abilities, and published in 1903 a monograph, "Heredity, Correlation and Sex Differences in School Abilities".
Thorndike was a prolific writer, publishing more than 450 articles and books. Some of his important publications include Educational Psychology (1903), Elements of Psychology (1905), The Fundamentals of Learning (1932), and The Psychology of Wants, Interests, and Attitudes (1935)..
He also worked on solving industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing. He was a member of the board of the Psychological Corporation He served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1912. Thorndike died in 1949.

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